Aerodrome signs
Learning objectives
- State the two families of aerodrome signs, their colour codes and what each family asks of you.
- Identify the mandatory instruction signs and state what you do at each one.
- Explain how to read a location and direction array, and name the other information signs you meet while taxiing.
- Explain what you do when you are unsure of your position on the manoeuvring area.
The idea
An airfield is a small road network where nobody can brake quickly and the junctions can be a runway. Signs are the road signs of that network. They are built to be read in a glance, from a cockpit, in rain or at night. Everything rests on one habit: colour first, words second. Red means "stop here unless you have been cleared past this point". Yellow means "this is information that helps you find your way". If you read colour before you read letters, you will rarely be surprised by a runway.
Why signs exist, and who they bind
Signs are one of five families of visual aids. The others are indicators and signalling devices, markings, lights and markers.
Signs do four jobs for the aerodrome's surface movement guidance and control system (SMGCS): they give a mandatory instruction, identify a location, show the way to a destination, or give other information you need while moving on the ground.
A sign shows either one fixed message or, on a variable message sign, one of several predetermined messages. A variable message sign shows a blank face when it is not in use, and it is built so that a failure cannot show anything that could push you into an unsafe action.
Who is bound by what? The design specifications for signs bind the aerodrome operator, not you. Your duty to stop comes from the rules of the air, which we come to below.
The EU aerodrome rules cover aerodromes in EU territory that are open to public use, serve commercial air transport and have a paved instrument runway of 800 m or more. Military-run aerodromes are excluded, and a Member State may exempt a very small aerodrome.
Many small general aviation airfields therefore sit outside these rules, and their signs may differ from this lesson or be missing altogether. The principles below still hold almost everywhere, because the EU specification closely follows ICAO's aerodrome standards for signs.
Two families, told apart by colour
Describe this figure
Two columns of signs, each one labelled. The left column holds the mandatory instruction signs, white on red: runway designation 25 at a runway end, runway designation 25-07 at an intersection, the Category II holding position sign 25 CAT II, the runway-holding position sign B2, and a no-entry sign, a white ring with a short thick bar and no lettering. The right column holds the information signs. The location sign A is yellow on black with a yellow border, and the others are black on yellow: direction left C, destination left APRON, runway exit G2 with an up-right arrow, runway vacated with two solid lines over two dashed rows, and intersection take-off left 1250 m. A note says that red means mandatory, so do not pass without clearance.
The first figure shows the two families side by side. On the left is a column of red panels with white lettering: "25", "25-07", "25 CAT II", "B2" and a no-entry panel. On the right is a column of yellow panels with black lettering, plus one black panel with yellow lettering: the location sign "A".
On the movement area, red is used only on mandatory instruction signs. If a sign has red on it, it is an instruction.
The information family is black on yellow, with one exception. The location sign is yellow on black. A location sign standing alone has a thin yellow border.
All signs are rectangles with the long side horizontal. They are frangible, meaning they break or yield if hit, and they are kept low so they clear propellers and engine pods.
Signs are lit when they are meant for use in runway visual range below 800 m, at night with instrument runways, or at night with non-instrument runways of code number 3 or 4. At night with non-instrument runways of code number 1 or 2, they are retroreflective and/or lit. The code number is taught on the page on aerodrome data (010-09-01).
Mandatory instruction signs: stop and hold
A mandatory instruction sign marks a place beyond which a taxiing aircraft or vehicle does not go unless the aerodrome control tower has authorised it. White characters on red, sometimes with a thin black outline to make them stand out.
At a controlled aerodrome, an aircraft taxiing on the manoeuvring area stops and holds at all runway-holding positions unless the aerodrome control tower has issued an explicit clearance to enter or cross the runway.
Note what this says. A taxi clearance is not a crossing clearance. You need the explicit clearance at each runway-holding position. A runway-holding position is also marked at aerodromes with no tower; there is nobody to authorise you. The definition belongs to the page on definitions; here it is the place where you stop.
The family has six members.
Runway designation sign. It shows the number of the runway you are about to meet, turned so you can read it from where you stand. It comes in two forms. A single number, such as "25", marks a holding position at the end of a runway. Two numbers joined by a hyphen, such as "25-07", mark a holding position where the taxiway meets the runway part-way along, so traffic may be on the runway in either direction. Read the whole pair; do not guess which side of the hyphen belongs to which end.
It stands on each side of the holding position marking, facing traffic approaching the runway. A pattern A holding position marking at an intersection is supplemented by one.
Category I, II or III holding position sign. This protects the instrument landing system (ILS) or microwave landing system (MLS) critical and sensitive areas: the zones around the ground equipment where an aircraft or vehicle would disturb the guidance signal. The sign shows the runway number followed by a category, for example "25 CAT II" or "25 CAT II/III", with the category in Roman numerals. It goes on each side of a pattern B marking.
Runway-holding position sign. Away from an intersection, a holding position gets a sign that shows the taxiway designation plus a number, for example "B2", not a runway number. It also stands on each side of the holding position.
Road-holding position sign. Provided at all road entrances to a runway, and it may also be used where roads enter taxiways. It is written for vehicle drivers and reminds you that vehicles hold at the runway just as you do.
No-entry sign. A white ring with a short, thick horizontal bar in the middle, on red, with no lettering. It is placed at the start of an area where entry is prohibited, on each side of the taxiway as seen by the pilot.
Describe this figure
Two plan views show taxiway A running up the page and meeting the end of runway 27, which extends to the left. In the top view there is one holding position, with a pattern A marking across the taxiway. On the left of the taxiway the signs read A then 27, so the red runway sign is the inner one, nearer the taxiway, and the yellow-on-black location sign is outboard, farther from the taxiway. On the right the order is mirrored, 27 then A. In the bottom view, for a precision approach runway, the inner holding position at distance X carries the same A and 27 signs and a pattern A marking. The outer holding position at distance Y, at the edge of the ILS critical area, has a pattern B ladder marking and a 27 CAT II sign on each side, with no location sign beside it.
The second figure is a plan view. Taxiway A runs up the page and meets the end of runway 27. At the holding position, on the left of the taxiway, you see "A │ 27": the location sign A in yellow on black, then the red runway sign 27 nearer the taxiway. On the right the order is mirrored, "27 │ A". A second version adds an outer holding position at the edge of the ILS critical area, carrying "27 CAT II" on both sides.
The location sign is the outboard one, meaning the one farther from the taxiway. The runway sign is the inner one. This pairing is not used where two runways cross.
At every runway entry, confirm both signs. The yellow-on-black one tells you which taxiway you are on, and the red one tells you which runway you are about to enter. When you line up, cross-check the runway number with your heading indicator or compass.
Treat any red sign as "stop here unless cleared past it".
The pilot reads back to ATC the safety-related parts of clearances and instructions to enter, land on, take off from, hold short of, cross, taxi and backtrack on any runway.
An information sign other than a location sign is never mounted together with a mandatory instruction sign. So the only yellow item you will see next to a red one is the black-and-yellow location sign.
Signs face the traffic they are meant for. Read only the faces turned toward you.
The red signs work as a pair with the painted markings on the pavement, which have their own page.
Information signs: where am I, which way?
An information sign is provided wherever there is an operational need to identify a location or give routing information.
Location sign. Yellow on black. It names the taxiway, runway or other pavement you are on or about to enter, and it never contains an arrow. It is also used to mark intermediate holding positions, where you hold only if ATC tells you to.
Direction sign. Black on yellow. It shows a taxiway designation and an arrow pointing along that taxiway.
Destination sign. Black on yellow, with a message such as "←APRON" and an arrow. It is not normally placed together with a location or direction sign.
Runway exit sign. It shows the designator of the exit taxiway and an arrow, for example "G2↗". It stands on the same side of the runway as the exit, before the exit, so you can see it while you are still rolling out.
Runway vacated sign. A yellow panel showing two continuous black lines over two rows of black dashes: a picture of the holding position marking on the taxiway. It marks where the protected area ends after you leave the runway.
Intersection take-off sign. Where take-offs start from an intersection, this sign gives the take-off run still available in metres, followed by a lower-case "m", and an arrow in the direction of take-off. A typical example is a sign reading "←1250m". It is placed on the left side of the entry taxiway.
Describe this figure
A plan view follows a landing roll-out from the top of the picture to the bottom, along a runway on the right. First, beside the runway on the exit side, stands the yellow runway exit sign G2 with an up-right arrow, before the exit. Then the exit taxiway curves away from the runway to the left. Further along, a dashed line marks the edge of the protected area. Just beyond it, beside the taxiway, stands the yellow runway vacated panel, two solid lines over two dashed rows, and beside it, in the outboard position, the location sign G2 in yellow on black.
The third figure follows a landing roll-out from top to bottom. First comes the exit sign beside the runway, on the exit side; then the taxiway curving away; then, further along, the yellow panel with two solid lines and two dashed rows, with the location sign outboard of it.
Aircraft stand identification sign. Black on yellow, it supplements the stand marking and is visible from the cockpit before you enter the stand.
VOR aerodrome check-point sign. Black on yellow, readable from the cockpit of an aircraft correctly placed on the check-point marking. It shows "VOR", the frequency, the bearing to the nearest degree and, where a DME is collocated, the distance in NM. One printed example reads VOR 116.3, 147° and 4.3 NM, in one or two lines.
Describe this figure
Four black-on-yellow signs show the layouts of the VOR aerodrome check-point sign, with example values. Where no DME is collocated with the VOR, layout A is a single line reading VOR 116.3 147 degrees, and layout B puts VOR 116.3 on the first line and 147 degrees on the second. Where a DME is collocated, layout C adds the distance, VOR 116.3 147 degrees 4.3 NM on one line, and layout D splits it into VOR 116.3 above 147 degrees 4.3 NM.
The fourth figure shows these four layouts: one line or two lines, each with or without the distance.
Reading an array
Where taxiways meet, information signs are grouped in one array. Treat it as a map of the junction laid out in a row.
- The black-and-yellow location sign says where you are.
- Each direction panel points along the taxiway it names. Panels for left turns stand to the left of the location sign and panels for right turns to its right.
- A steeper arrow means a sharper turn.
- Black vertical lines separate neighbouring direction panels.
- A direction panel placed next to the location sign shows that your own taxiway bends significantly beyond the junction.
- The arrow sits on the side of the letter it points to: "←C" but "C→".
Describe this figure
The top shows the cockpit view of an array of four panels separated by black vertical lines. In the middle is the location sign B, yellow on black, so you are on taxiway B. To its left is a black-on-yellow panel with an arrow pointing left before the letter C, the left turn onto C. To its right are a panel B with an up-right arrow, meaning B itself bends right beyond the junction, and a panel C followed by an arrow pointing right, the right turn onto C. Below, a plan view shows taxiway B arriving from the bottom, taxiway C crossing it going left and right, and B bending right beyond the junction, with the array on the left of B before the junction.
The fifth figure shows a plan view of a junction with the array "←C │ B │ B↗ │ C→" in the cockpit view above it. The black-on-yellow panel "←C" is on the left, the yellow-on-black "B" is in the middle, then "B↗", then "C→". Read it from the middle: you are on B, C goes left and right, and B itself bends right beyond the junction.
Given: you are taxiing CS-ABC. The tower clears you to taxi via B and then to turn left onto C. You see the array "←C │ B │ B↗ │ C→". Method: find the location sign first, then the panel for the cleared taxiway on the correct side. Working: the yellow-on-black panel is "B", so you are on B. C is cleared. The panel "←C" is to the left of the location sign and its arrow points left, so it is the left turn onto C. The panel "C→" is the right turn onto C, and it is not what you were cleared for. Answer: you turn left onto C, using the "←C" panel.
Read the signs against your taxi clearance and the aerodrome chart. Before each junction, find the location sign (where am I?) and then the direction sign for the taxiway you are cleared on (which way?).
By default information signs are on the left-hand side of the taxiway, though the EU guidance allows the right-hand side if the left is not possible and a safety assessment supports it. At a taxiway intersection they stand before the junction, in line with the intermediate holding position marking if there is one.
Taxiway names on signs
Designators are unique on the aerodrome: a letter, two letters, or letter(s) followed by a number. The letters I, O and X are avoided because they are confused with the numbers 1 and 0 and with the closed marking. Numbers alone are reserved for runways, so a bare "27" is never a taxiway. A series of intermediate holding positions on one taxiway may be numbered in sequence, for example "B1", "B2".
If you are lost
A pilot unsure of the aircraft's position on the manoeuvring area, where air traffic services are provided, immediately stops the aircraft and at the same time tells the ATS unit, including the last known position. If the pilot knows the aircraft is on a runway, the pilot tells ATS, and, if able to locate a nearby suitable taxiway, vacates to it as quickly as possible unless instructed otherwise, and then stops.
Stop is the default. A runway is the one place where stopping is the wrong answer, so if you can find a taxiway, get off the runway first.
Beyond the EU specification
ICAO also recommends an aerodrome identification sign, readable from above, where the aerodrome cannot otherwise be identified visually. ICAO's latest amendment also adds runway distance remaining signs and unserviceability signs for temporary changes, which are not part of the EU specification taught here.
An ICAO note on the VOR check-point sign says a check-point can only be used operationally when periodic checks show it consistently within 2° of the stated bearing. This is an ICAO note, not an EU requirement.
In the real world
At Milano Linate on 8 October 2001, an SAS MD-87 and a Cessna 525-A collided on the runway in fog. The Italian investigation found widespread shortcomings in the aerodrome's standard signage and markings: some taxiway markings were worn or did not conform to the standard colour and form, and some in use were unofficial and not in the published documentation. The lesson for you: a crew that cannot match what it sees to the chart can stray onto an active runway, so a mismatch is a reason to stop and ask.
On 27 August 2006 the crew of Comair Flight 5191 lined up on and attempted to take off from the wrong, shorter runway at Lexington, Kentucky. The probable cause was the crew's failure to use the cues and aids available to identify the aeroplane's position on the airport and to cross-check that it was on the correct runway before take-off. That is the habit from the practice callout above: read the red and yellow signs, then confirm the runway number against the heading indicator.
Exam traps
"A location sign shows an arrow for the taxiway direction." Wrong: a location sign never has an arrow. Arrows appear on direction, destination, runway exit and intersection take-off signs.
"Yellow means caution, so the location sign is a warning." Wrong: every yellow sign is information; the location sign just says where you are. Only red means an instruction.
"The runway-holding position sign shows the runway number." Wrong: that is the runway designation sign. The stand-alone runway-holding position sign shows a taxiway designation plus a number, such as "B2".
"'25' and '25-07' are the same." No. The single number marks a holding position at the runway end; the hyphenated pair marks one where the taxiway meets the runway part-way along.
"The runway vacated sign is red because it concerns the runway." Wrong: it is an information sign, black on yellow, that marks where you are clear of the protected area.
"CAT holding position signs are only for IFR traffic." Wrong: while they apply, any aircraft holding there must respect them, because they protect the ILS signal.
Explain it back
Imagine a student pilot who has never seen an airfield. In your own words, explain how they can tell from colour alone whether a sign tells them to stop or tells them where they are, and then talk them through reading the array "←C │ B │ B↗ │ C→" to turn right onto C.
Self-check
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Taxiing at a large aerodrome, you see two signs at a junction: one with white characters on red, one with yellow characters on black. Which statement is correct?mcq · easy
Show answer
Red is used only on mandatory instruction signs, which mark a place you do not pass without tower authorisation. The yellow-on-black sign is the location sign, which is information and names the pavement you are on. The first option is wrong because the location sign is information. The second reverses the two roles. The fourth swaps their jobs: naming the taxiway belongs to the location sign, not the red one.
Reference: CS ADR-DSN.N.775(c)(3); CS ADR-DSN.N.780(a)(1); CS ADR-DSN.N.785(c)(1)
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You taxi towards a red sign reading "25-07" with a pattern A holding position marking in front of it. What does the hyphenated form tell you?mcq · medium
Show answer
The hyphenated pair marks a holding position where the taxiway meets the runway away from its end, so aircraft may use the runway in either direction. A single number such as 25 marks the end of the runway, so the second option mixes up the two forms. The sign does not close a runway or give headings; it is a stop-and-hold instruction.
Reference: CS ADR-DSN.N.780(a)(2); CS ADR-DSN.N.780(c)(2)
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You are taxiing CS-ABD. The tower clears you to taxi via C and you must turn right onto C at the next junction. In front of you is the array: "←C │ B │ C→". Which reading is correct?mcq · medium
Show answer
The yellow-on-black panel is the location sign, so you are on B. Right-turn panels stand to the right of the location sign, so the right-hand panel, with its arrow after the C, is your turn. The left panel leads left. The array is information, not an instruction, so it gives no stop requirement.
Reference: CS ADR-DSN.N.785(c)(7); CS ADR-DSN.N.785(c)(10)
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You are flying VFR and taxiing for departure at a controlled aerodrome. You approach a red sign reading "25 CAT II". The tower has given you only a taxi instruction to the holding point for runway 25. What do you do?mcq · medium
Show answer
A Category I, II or III holding position sign is a mandatory instruction sign. It marks the edge of the area that protects the ILS signal and it applies to every aircraft and vehicle, VFR or not. A taxi instruction is not a clearance to pass a runway-holding position. The sign is not information, and it does not close the runway.
Reference: CS ADR-DSN.N.780(a)(4); CS ADR-DSN.N.780(c)(3); SERA.3210(d)(2)
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In poor visibility at a controlled aerodrome you realise you are not sure where you are, and you know you are on a runway. What is the correct action?mcq · hard
Show answer
When you know you are on a runway, you tell ATS, get off the runway to a nearby suitable taxiway if you can find one, and then stop. Stopping on the spot is the answer when you are unsure of your position elsewhere on the manoeuvring area, but on a runway it leaves you in the way of other traffic. Searching along the runway or carrying on to the hold means moving without knowing where you are.
Reference: SERA.3212(a); SERA.3212(b)
Key concepts
Written with ASD-STE100 writing principles: short sentences, one topic per sentence, active voice, one word for one meaning.
Red and yellow families
Red appears only on mandatory instruction signs on the movement area. Yellow signs are information signs and give routing or location data.
Rule: CS ADR-DSN.N.775(c)(3)
Runway-holding position
At a controlled aerodrome, a taxiing aircraft stops at every runway-holding position. It enters or crosses the runway only with an explicit clearance from the aerodrome control tower.
Rule: SERA.3210(d)(2)
Do: Stop at every runway-holding position unless the tower clears you to enter or cross.
Location sign
A location sign has a yellow inscription on a black background. It names the taxiway, runway or pavement that the aircraft is on or enters, and it never has arrows. All other information signs have a black inscription on a yellow background.
Rule: CS ADR-DSN.N.785(c)(1)–(2)
Direction sign
A direction sign has a black inscription on a yellow background. It names a taxiway and shows an arrow that gives the direction of the turn. Left turns sit to the left of the location sign and right turns sit to its right.
Rule: CS ADR-DSN.N.785(a)(7)–(8)
Mandatory instruction sign
Mandatory instruction signs have a white inscription on a red background. They include runway designation signs, CAT holding position signs, runway-holding position signs, road-holding position signs and no-entry signs. A mandatory instruction sign marks a place that a taxiing aircraft must not pass without tower authorisation.
Rule: CS ADR-DSN.N.780(a)(1)–(2)
Runway vacated sign
A runway vacated sign is a black-on-yellow information sign. It shows a picture of the pattern A runway-holding position marking. It tells a pilot who has left the runway where the protected area ends.
Rule: CS ADR-DSN.N.785(a)(4)
Lost on the manoeuvring area
A pilot who is unsure of the aircraft position on the manoeuvring area must stop the aircraft at once. The pilot must also tell the ATS unit the last known position.
Rule: SERA.3212(a)–(b)
Do: If you know you are on a runway, follow these steps:
- Tell the ATS unit.
- If able to locate a nearby suitable taxiway, vacate to it as quickly as possible, unless instructed otherwise.
- Stop the aircraft.
Runway entry signs
At a taxiway and runway intersection, the location sign stands outboard of the runway designation sign. Outboard means farther from the taxiway. A pair of signs like this stands on both sides of the taxiway.
Rule: CS ADR-DSN.N.780(a)(6)
Flashcards
Print them: A6 landscape cards (PDF, front and back) · 4 cards per A4 landscape sheet (PDF, cut lines) · Key figures deck (PDF, 7 figures)
Print double-sided, flip on the short edge.
010-09-05-01What colours does a mandatory instruction sign use?
A white inscription on a red background.
010-09-05-02On the movement area, which signs use red?
Only mandatory instruction signs. Red on a sign means it is a mandatory instruction.
010-09-05-03What does a yellow sign with black lettering give you?
Information only. It gives routing or location data, not an instruction.
010-09-05-04What must a taxiing aircraft do at a runway-holding position at a controlled aerodrome?
Stop and hold, unless the aerodrome control tower has explicitly cleared it to enter or cross the runway.
010-09-05-05Can a taxiing aircraft pass a mandatory instruction sign without tower authorisation?
No. A mandatory instruction sign marks a place that must not be passed without authorisation from the tower.
010-09-05-06What colours does a location sign use?
A yellow inscription on a black background.
010-09-05-07What does a location sign show?
The designation of the taxiway, runway or pavement the aircraft is on or enters. It never has arrows.
010-09-05-08What colours do all other information signs use?
A black inscription on a yellow background.
010-09-05-09What does a direction sign show?
A taxiway designation with an arrow that shows the direction to take at the intersection.
010-09-05-10Where does a direction sign for a left turn sit in an array?
To the left of the location sign. Direction signs for right turns sit to the right of it.
010-09-05-11Which signs are mandatory instruction signs?
Runway designation, CAT holding position, runway-holding position, road-holding position and no-entry signs.
010-09-05-12What does a no-entry sign look like?
A white symbol on a red background, with no lettering. The symbol is a white ring with a white bar inside it.
010-09-05-13What does a runway vacated sign show?
A picture of the pattern A runway-holding position marking, on a black-on-yellow information sign.
010-09-05-14What does a runway vacated sign tell a pilot who has left the runway?
Where the protected area ends.
010-09-05-15A pilot is unsure of the aircraft position on the manoeuvring area. What is the first action?
Stop the aircraft at once.
010-09-05-16Who must a lost pilot tell on the manoeuvring area?
The ATS unit, including the last known position of the aircraft.
010-09-05-17A pilot knows the aircraft is on a runway and is lost. What is the sequence of actions?
First, tell the ATS unit. Then vacate to a nearby suitable taxiway as quickly as possible, unless instructed otherwise. Then stop.
010-09-05-18At a taxiway and runway intersection, where does the location sign stand?
Outboard of the runway designation sign, which means farther from the taxiway.
010-09-05-19Is the location and runway designation pairing used at a runway and runway intersection?
No. This pairing is not used at a runway and runway intersection.
010-09-05-20What does a runway designation sign show?
The designation of the intersecting runway. At a taxiway and runway intersection, both runway designations can be joined by a hyphen.
010-09-05-21What inscription does a CAT holding position sign show?
The runway designator followed by the category, written in Roman numerals, such as CAT I or CAT II.
010-09-05-22What inscription does a runway-holding position sign show?
The taxiway designation followed by a number.
010-09-05-23What lines does the runway vacated sign panel show?
Continuous black lines in the upper half, with rows of black dashes below them.
010-09-05-24Below which RVR are signs illuminated?
Below 800 m RVR.
010-09-05-25What do signs on a code number 1 or 2 non-instrument runway use at night?
Retroreflective and/or illuminated signs.
010-09-05-26What paved instrument runway length must an aerodrome have to fall under the EU aerodrome rules?
At least 800 m, when open to public use and serving commercial air transport.
010-09-05-27Within what bearing tolerance should a VOR check-point be consistent for operational use?
Within ±2° of the stated bearing, according to an ICAO note. It is not an EU requirement.
010-09-05-28What does a VOR aerodrome check-point sign show?
VOR, the VOR frequency, the bearing to the nearest degree and, where a DME is collocated, the distance in NM.
010-09-05-29At a taxiway and runway intersection, how does "A | 27" read, and which sign is outboard?
Location sign A, then runway sign 27. The location sign is outboard, farther from the taxiway.
010-09-05-30In the array "←C | B | B↗ | C→", which panel is the location sign?
The yellow-on-black B in the middle. Left-turn panels stand to its left and right-turn panels to its right.
010-09-05-31Which runway instructions must a pilot read back to ATC?
The safety-related parts of clearances and instructions to enter, land on, take off from, hold short of, cross, taxi and backtrack on a runway.
010-09-05-32At night, how are signs lit on a non-instrument runway of code number 3 or 4?
They are illuminated. On code number 1 or 2 they may be retroreflective and/or illuminated.
Sources
- Easy Access Rules for Aerodromes (Reg. (EU) No 139/2014), March 2026: CS-ADR-DSN Issue 7, Chapter N (points N.775, N.780, N.785, N.790, N.795, N.800), GM1 ADR-DSN.N.775, GM1 ADR-DSN.N.785, CS ADR-DSN.A.002 and Reg. (EU) No 139/2014 Article 1.
- Regulation (EU) 2018/1139 (Basic Regulation), Article 2(1)(e), 2(3)(b) and 2(7), EUR-Lex consolidated text of 2 August 2026.
- ICAO Annex 14, Aerodromes, Volume I, Aerodrome Design and Operations, 9th edition (July 2022), including Amendment 18: section 5.4 Signs, section 7.4.3 and Appendix 4.
- Standardised European Rules of the Air (SERA), Easy Access Rules, August 2025: SERA.3210(d)(2)–(3), SERA.3212, SERA.8015, and GM1 and GM2 to Article 2(114).
- ANSV (Italy), Final Report A/1/04, Milano Linate runway collision of 8 October 2001, approved 20 January 2004: skybrary.aero.
- NTSB, Aircraft Accident Report AAR-07/05, Comair Flight 5191, Lexington, Kentucky, 27 August 2006, adopted 26 July 2007: ntsb.gov.
This page is educational. It does not replace instruction at your ATO or your aircraft's POH/AFM. Rules change: check the regulation in force.